Gender Identity And Gender Equality Essay - 1316 Words

Reading and learning about what it means to be a male or female for the past two weeks has been the most confusing thing in this class by far. It doesn’t sound like it can be confusing because it’s either about male or female. However, we did more learning about the gender identity and what it took for them to become a male or female than just saying a male is a boy and a female is a girl. Gender identity is one s personal experience of one s own gender. All societies have a set of gender categories that can serve as the basis of the formation of a person s social identity in relation to other members of society. One group even talked about how there’s more categories when defining gender. They consider bi and gay as gender categories which was new for me because I never heard of that before. In my opinion, I conclude that gender identity is based off one’s personal experiences and what it took for them to get into that bi, gay, male, or female category b ecause of things I’ve saw on t.v. and things I’ve discussed in class with classmates. During the first week, we discussed in class about the topic of gender roles. We talked about how most males are dominant and that females are more laid back and soft. That most males in the relationship are suppose to be the dominant ones and the females shouldn’t have to try that hard as the males. I found that easy to comprehend because that’s all I’ve known. I heard in class by a classmate that most people do think men are theShow MoreRelatedThe Relationship Between Gender Identities And Social Identities1442 Words   |  6 Pagesrelationship between gender identities and social identities. I look at many different areas of research into these two topics and then relate to how that effects the inequality or equality of gender. 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Social gender roles lead to various forms of inequality and disparity between men and women, which in relation to the socio economic, political and cultural ideologies plays a negative role in girls (Asley 2014) .While some societies, defend gender differences based on their cultural norms and religious beliefs, this tends to restrict women physical and mental space.†Across social classes girls tends to have less physical mobilityRead MoreGender Feminism And Transgender Activism : A Scientific Disillusion974 Words   |  4 PagesGender Feminism and Transgender Activism: A Scientific Disillusion Debra W. Soh at Los Angeles Times argues that gender feminists and transgender activists are undermining science. Soh begins by claiming that gender feminists and transgender activists are different philosophical/ideological groups yet they both ignore science purporting to advance or advocate for equality (par. 1). Furthermore, the author distinguishes traditional equity feminists from gender feminists on the ground that the latterRead MoreFeminism Of A Post Feminist Period Essay1692 Words   |  7 Pagesperiod in which gender is no longer a major barrier to equity. The paper will utilise feminism theory through use of article to create an argument to support this debate. It will also incorporate some compelling case justifying the researcher’s position. †¢ Identification of the issue (background information) Post Feminism simply can be referred to as the way of moving to the next step after feminism which is an absolute need for equality of man and woman that based on gender equality. Example of

Yoga as an ancient spiritual practice Free Essays

string(53) " as a certified teacher for approximately two years\." Abstract- This paper examines yoga as an ancient spiritual practice in India, the medical uses for yoga and the practice of it in the United States. This study reveals how yoga can be used to help those suffering from asthma and other pulmonary diseases; in addition, to alleviate constipation. There are a variety of body stretches and breathing exercises performed in yoga; furthermore, yoga has been used as a relaxation technique for many. We will write a custom essay sample on Yoga as an ancient spiritual practice or any similar topic only for you Order Now There is a misconception in the practice of yoga in the United States. It is practiced as a method to relieve one self of the stresses caused by everyday life and meditation is used to temporarily block thoughts to encourage a deeper sense of temporary relaxation. Traditional yogis have been insulted by the interpretation of yoga in the West. Critics argue that yoga as a ‘pop’ fitness trend has taken yoga out of its spiritual context and arranged it in a modern health club setting. Ancient yoga that is conducted in India differs greatly in its practices as compared to Western yoga as a fitness trend. The methods used to obtain information for this topic include: participant observation, three interviews were conducted; one with an American Yoga instructor, two were with American Yoga participants, in addition, extensive library research was conducted on Yoga. Introduction: The history of yoga in Ancient India dates back approximately five thousand years. It has been acknowledged in the United States since the early1960’s. The many resources I have used to collect the data for this study gave inconsistent information pertaining to yoga’s date of origin; therefore, I calculated an estimate. Its place of origin has been verified as India. â€Å"Yoga is an ancient Sanskrit word meaning union† (Harvard Heath Letter 1998:24). â€Å"When a mans union or existential contact with Being becomes [balanced and complete] he is transformed into a dynamic personality. Yoga may be defined as the art of harmonious and creative living. It stresses the need for the balanced growth of personality†¦it warns against extreme tendencies which mislead people into lopsided development.† (Chaudhuri 1974:37) It continues to describe such â€Å"lopsided† personalities as people who are unbalanced. For example, one who is overly social may be suppressing their own emotions, those who overly exercise the muscles may be under developing the brain, and those who over-exercise the brain may be neglecting the body. Yoga is an everyday concept in Indian culture; moreover, Sanskrit is the language of yoga. Yoga has been a source of religious and philosophical movements throughout history. â€Å"The basic issue of human suffering include moral, religious, and psychological problems, has been traced to one ultimate cause†¦self estrangement, alienation from existence, loss of contact with being, emotional conflicts, social discord, political wars, all of these†¦flow from mans loss of contact with the ground of existence.† (Bose 1996:48) Alienation and depression lead to emotional conflict; consequently, it may produce a feeling of restlessness; moreover, stress. Ancient yoga has called out to alleviate such problems and alleviate the anxiety caused by stress. It taught people how to take care of their minds and bodies; in addition, how to relate to other people. It also taught people what to eat and how to exist in nature. The majority of traditional yogis are vegetarian. Ancient yoga’s goal was to emphasize complete spirituality and to be all to your human potential. â€Å"It emphasizes the need for balanced integration of the physical, emotional, intellectual, ethical, and religious aspects of personality† (Chaudhuri 1974:38). In the United States yoga is mainly practiced as relaxation therapy. Relaxation therapy has been used as â€Å"a broad term used to describe a number of techniques that promote stress reduction, the elimination of tension through the body, and a calm and peaceful state of mind† (Martin 2002:1). Stress and tensions experienced through everyday life have been linked to many illnesses including but not limited to: heart disease, high blood pressure, atherosclerosis, irritable bowel syndrome, ulcers, anxiety disorders, insomnia, and substance abuse. â€Å"Stress can also trigger a number of physical symptoms including nausea, headache, hair loss, fatigue, and muscle pain† (Martin 2002:2). In addition to the benefits of yoga â€Å"it can also be tailored to people of different ages and different fitness levels. An athletic person will likely opt to do more [yoga] postures and hold them for longer than someone who is just beginning [in addition] many people use yoga as a complement to a sport or aerobic activity†¦stretches can [also] be done as a warm up [prior to a work out]† (Harvard Health Letter 1998:3). In reference to biomedical effectiveness â€Å"Yoga has been used to alleviate problems associated with high blood pressure, high cholesterol, migraine headaches, asthma, shallow breathing, backaches, constipation, diabetes, menopause, multiple sclerosis, varicose veins, carpal tunnel syndrome, and many chronic illnesses† (Dupler 2002:2). In this study I chose to focus on asthma and constipation due to the fact, there was more medical evidence established to confirm the practice of yoga assisting those health issues. Methods: The data for this study was obtained by researching the broad topic of yoga. The topic was then broken down into sub-groups including: medical aspects of yoga, ancient history of yoga, American yoga, and yoga for relaxation. In addition, interviews were conducted. One interviewee was an American yoga instructor; two others were American yoga participants. Each interviewee attended the same class. Moreover, I practice yoga and added my opinions and participant observations through the use of it. Paula was the yoga instructor I interviewed. When I asked her the question â€Å"Why did you decided to teach yoga?† she replied â€Å"I like helping people but I don’t agree with the practice of biomedicine†. In response to my question â€Å"Why don’t you agree with biomedicine?† She replied â€Å"It seems too rigid and rushed, [moreover] people don’t seem to get the medical help they really need and most of the help they do receive is only a temporary fix.† Paula was a student at the Iyengar Yoga National Association of the United States for approximately three years. She has been teaching yoga as a certified teacher for approximately two years. You read "Yoga as an ancient spiritual practice" in category "Papers" To learn more about the Iyengar School of Yoga I looked it up on the internet and learned that the assessment for certification included: demonstrated practice of Asanas, a written exam, and demonstrated teachings. In the demonstrated practice of Asanas (poses) portion the students are expected to show a working knowledge of all of the poses in the syllabus for the assessment level, the written exam asked questions regarding the required reading on the syllabus as well as theoretical questions regarding teaching such as sequencing concepts, medical modifications etc. Their teaching skills in areas such as understanding of the pose and the knowledge of basic instruction, clarity of instruction, pacing, interaction with and manner toward the students, demonstration skills, observation of class and appropriate corrections, are critically evaluated before certification is granted. After passing the assessment all teachers are required to renew their certification bi-annually (http://www. iynaus.org/). Results: Through participant observation I noted that the environment in which American yoga is practiced is usually quiet, dimly lit, comfortable in temperature, and spacious. Floor mats are provided to comfort the participant during the session. Soft music is played in the background and a candle or incense it burned (depending on the instructor). The instructor speaks softly and verbally guides the group through a variety of asanas (poses). The instructor often moves about the room correcting participants’ postures when appropriate. Relaxation and meditation is promoted through verbal suggestions and chants of Om. Moreover, each session last for approximately one hour. Linda was one of the participants I interviewed. She is married, has two school aged children, recently moved to the area, and is not employed. When I asked her who she chooses to participate in Yoga she replied â€Å"I don’t work and the children are in school all day so yoga and [the other activities she engages in] gives me something to look forward to. I have also met many nice women that I have become friends with. I am not from the area so it has given me more of a sense of community.† Michelle was the final participant I interviewed. Michelle leads a very busy lifestyle. She is married with no children and works 50 hours per week; moreover, commutes one hour each way to work. In response to the question of why she chooses to practice yoga she responded, â€Å"it helps me clear my mind and forget everything that is going on in my life outside of this room, [it also] gives me an energy boost for the rest of the day or if I take an evening class it helps me sleep b etter.† I also asked Michelle â€Å"How do you know yoga really helps you?† She revealed that â€Å"I used to suffer from anxiety disorders and had difficulty falling to sleep at night because so much was on my mind, after taking yoga classes for a few months I started to relax more and sleep better.† From my personal participant observations I agreed with much of what Michelle had concluded through her practices of yoga. I am a full time student and own and operate a small business. Moreover, there are additional things that life demands of me. I have been practicing yoga for approximately two years. I began practicing yoga because my fitness facility offered it. As I began to practice it weekly I noticed more movement and flexibility in my body. Then, I began to notice my mind that was once overloaded with stress from deadlines that needed to be met, became more relaxed. Moreover, my sleeping pattern became more regular and my mind and body felt more at ease, all of which I a ttribute to overall stress reduction. Yoga in America has been advertised as a means for relaxation and to free the self of stress. It is practiced in health clubs and spas in groups headed by a yoga instructor. There is no formal training an instructor must undergo to teach yoga in the U.S. There are seminars that can be completed from one week to six months; respectively, to obtain certification; nevertheless, one does not need certifications to teach a yoga class. In contrast, Ancient yoga’s idea is that â€Å"of freedom in spiritual self expression, yoga does not believe in any standardized path for all to follow† (Chaudhuri 1974:21). Yoga is practiced in private or with a teacher (a yogi, male or yogin, female). â€Å"A yogi [yogin] is one who does not merely talk philosophy but lives philosophy, he does not simply have faith in God but experiences God† (Chaudhuri 1974:19). One becomes a yogi when his/her teacher gives permission to teach. The teacher (guru) guides the student through a spiritual path to self-realization. It is not until then, a student becomes a yogi. The guru’s teachings can last for years before a student is ready to teach the yoga philosophy. Energy is said to be passed from the guru to the student or yogi. This process is the natural conversion practiced in India. â€Å"Yoga is not a matter of belief; it is the inner growth of consciousness which results in direct insight into the heart of reality [it is a] progressive realization of the full freedom of the inner spirit† (Chaudhuri 1974:22). The physical exercises and breathing exercises do not belong to the essence of yoga they are the â€Å"bodily preparation entitling one to take up higher phases of yogic practices such as concentration, meditation, and the like (Chaudhuri 1974:21). In conclusion, it appears that yoga practiced in America is in fact a preparation effort; moreover, the first stage in ancient yoga. In the American practices of yoga the physical exercises and breathing exercises are what is emphasized; resulting, in a relaxed state of mind and body. In addition to American yoga being practiced for relaxation and stress reduction, there has been a discovery that it is also used to help treat chronic illnesses that biomedicine has had difficulty managing. In this study I chose to focus on asthma and constipation due to the fact, there was more medical evidence established to confirm the practice of yoga assisting those health issues. Approximately ten-million Americans have asthma. It usually begins in childhood; although, it may also begin to show its signs in adult life (Dupler 2002:1). â€Å"In most cases asthma is caused by inhaling an allergen that sets off the chain of biomedical and tissue changes leading to airway inflammation, broncho- constriction, and wheezing. â€Å"Studies have shown that yoga significantly helps asthma sufferers, with exercises specifically designed to expand the lungs, promote deep breathing, and reduce stress† (Dupler 2002:2). Breathing exercises will strengthen and relax the muscles of the lungs. Controlling the breathing helps the respiratory muscles and lungs to develop and breathe more slowly reducing stress on the airways; consequently, reducing the chance of an asthma attack. Being able to control and focus breathing patterns also aids in the awareness in a change in regular breathing; in short, the onset of asthma attacks. Yoga has also been useful in the alleviation of abdominal gas; moreover, constipation. â€Å"Constipation is an acute or chronic condition in which bowel movements occur less often than usual†¦it is one of the most common medical complaints in the U.S† (Haggerty 2002:1). It can occur to any one at any age, although, it’s more common among women. While conducting my interview with Paula, the yoga instructor, I asked her if she was aware of any medical uses for yoga. She informed me of several positions to relieve constipation discomfort. The first position is called a â€Å"knee-chest† position. It involves: * Standing straight with arms at the sides * Lifting the right knee toward the chest * Grasping the right ankle with the left hand * Pulling the legs as close to the chest as possible * Holding the position for about 10 seconds * And repeating those steps with the alternate leg The second position was called â€Å"cobra†. It involves the following steps: * Lying on the stomach with the legs together * Placing the palms just below the shoulders, keeping the elbows close to the body * While inhaling lift the head and chest off of the floor while keeping your face forward, also keep the naval in contact with the floor * The goal is to stretch and look as far upward as possible to elongate the abdomen * The cobra position must be held for about 8 seconds * Exhale as you lower the chest toward the floor In the interview with the yoga instructor, Paula remarked that, â€Å"Too often today when we have a headache we take a pill or something to stop the pain and discomfort. We try killing the pain instead of realizing and coming to an understanding that there’s some thing causing the headache. Some people work too hard and try to juggle too much, maybe they ate something wrong for lunch, or are holding in negative emotions. Instead of realizing that stress in life exists we try to numb everything.† In my personal practices with yoga it has assisted me in the following: allowing full concentration, sleeping more soundly, increasing my energy level, and allowing my creativity to flow better. Linda one of the participants revealed that she suffers from asthma and she has tried a variety of medicines and in conjunction with Theophylline, her medication, yoga helps her in controlling her breathing. Her doctor also remarked about how beneficial yoga has been to her condition. Discussion: In terms of the American culture, yoga provides participants with a sense of relaxation that is necessary in such a busy society. Today, people are trying to balance many activities; including but not limited to, work, family, education, and other personal activities. Moreover, yoga helps provide many people with a social system to incorporate within. There is a misconception in the practice of yoga in the United States. It is practiced as a method to relieve one self of the stresses caused by everyday life and meditation is used to temporarily block thoughts to encourage a deeper sense of temporary relaxation. Traditional yogis have been insulted by the interpretation of yoga in the West. Critics argue that yoga as a ‘pop’ fitness trend has taken yoga out of its spiritual context and arranged it in a modern health club setting. Ancient yoga that is conducted in India differs greatly in its practices as compared to Western yoga as a fitness trend. Yoga may also be compared with Christian healing groups and metaphysical groups in the following ways: each is practiced within a group setting and there is a call to a higher power. Each believes that â€Å"health and healing come from tapping into a powerful life force†¦this type of healing is based upon a wholly immanent power, fully within the reach of each believer† (McGuire 1998:79). â€Å"They believe that the key to the desired wholeness is mental more than purely spiritual†¦a healthy mind will help you have a healthy body† (McGuire 1998:81). The ancient practices of yoga highlight spirituality. â€Å"A yogi is one who does not merely talk philosophy but lives philosophy, he does not simply have faith in God but experiences God† (Chaudhuri 1974:19). Many Americans think of yoga as a religion and have reacted to it negatively. Some think that if they practice yoga then they would be undermining their personal religious beliefs. â€Å"Instead of undermining their personal faith, Yoga can actually deepen it†¦some yoga instructors are more religious than others, but Yoga itself is a tool for exploring the depth of our human nature†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Feurstein 1996:1). How to cite Yoga as an ancient spiritual practice, Papers

Research Summary on Cigarette Consumption in Australia

Question: Write down research summary aboutCigarette Consumption in Australia? Answer: Introduction The government of Australia is quite concerned about the significant impact of smoking costs in the countrys economy. The government has recently imposed tobacco related taxes to reduce the smoking habit, especially among the young generation. So this paper will investigate the effectiveness of such tax from the economic perspective in Australia. Basic Discussion Considering the rate of smoking in Australia, Cancer Institute NSW Tracking Survey had performed a survey in order to gather responses from the scenario of price increases. The result of survey indicated that 47.5% smokers did the smoking related changes and 11.4% made the product related changes (Adda and Cornaglia, 2011). According to the Victorian Smoking and Health Survey, out of the 45% smokers, 28% tried to quit smoking while 34% was reported to limit their smoking habit. Most of the young smokers had tried to quit smoking due to the price increase. In New South Wales, the maximum rate of quitting or limiting smoking habits have been found compared to the previous years. Figure 1: Tobacco Smoking in Australia (Source: National Preventive Health Taskforce 9) The Australian government believes that increase in price of tobacco products may decrease the rate of consumption favourably. According to the estimation of price elasticity of the tobacco products, the demand or consumption will fall 1% due to the increase of price at 10% (Cawley, et al., 2003). A further 2% can be observed in a result of 20% increase of price and so on. However, the research suggests that increase in tobacco costs will follow by the moderate falls in both the amount of cigarettes consumed by the existing smokers and rate of persons smoking cigarettes. Figure 2: Tobacco Price and Consumption in Australia (Source: ABS 2012) Different studies on economic theories suggest that the external cost of the tobacco related products are used to be low and it always refrains from recommending the huge taxes on the production or consumption level. In this case, the behavioural economics suggests that the individuals make their rational decision-making by fully aware of the health hazards of tobacco products by the process of overconsumption. It can be influenced by their psychological tendency (Chaloupka, et al., 2001). That is why, the use of taxes, i.e. the government intervention serves as the self-controlling device that assists on reducing the consumption of tobacco. This can result in the quit attempts. According to the estimation of international consensus, in the high-income countries like Australia, the taxing policy imposed on the cigarettes according to the economic theory can reduce the consumption of tobacco between 1.2% and 3.36%. From the perspective of public health aspect, the increasing tax on tobacco production and selling has a straightforward logic that it encourages the smokers to quit smoking and saves more lives by that process (Korsmeyer and Kranzler, 2009). Therefore, the rationale of this particular section is laid on the price increases on the tobacco products due to the higher taxes can able to counter some of the harm to the society that is constantly ignored by the private market. Figure 3: Affordability of Cigarettes and Tobacco Consumption in Australia. (Source: Scollo 2012) On the contrary to the efficiency of the taxation policy by the way of governments intervention to correct the market failures related to the consumption and production of tobacco products can also lead to the government failure. By the scepticism of economists related to the tobacco taxation policy, it is generated from the empirical and theoretical concepts regarding to bring the equity and efficiency (Licht, 2011). Though, the economists agrees with the fact that the taxes are required to impose on the product prices when the decisions of the individuals are harming the society as a whole, but they also believes that the interference of taxes should not be made on the private choices that do not harm the others. The higher taxes will be ineffective if the harm from limiting the overall consumption level of the individuals exceeds the social benefits of reducing the usage of tobacco. Apart from that, the higher tax can be regressive if the inferior groups are allowed to tolerate the excessively outsized burden (Moodie, et al., 2009). They should face with the limited ability to buy and consume other products. A more growing and recent research of the economic body refers that the application of conventional analysis is inappropriate in case of tobacco taxation. It is recognized that tobacco is an addictive product. The intent of quitting it is widespread concept but the attempt to make the quit is difficult. This process underlies the most policies to control tobacco from advertising restrictions to cessation assistance. However, in this particular case, the issue related to the self-control has not been integrated in the process of analysis regarding the optimal tax levels of tobacco. Therefore, the process of self-controlling act is among the phenomena that are well investigated under the concept of behavioural economics (Warner, 2006). As part of the process, the psychological research is needed to carry out on the decision making criteria of individuals. This intended process helps to analyse the market outcomes facilitated by the common cognitive and perceptual restrictions and difficulties that are overlooked by more conservative economic models. According to Jonathan Gruber and Botond Koszegi, by using the behavioural economics, the higher taxes are more appropriate than the rates typically recommended. The above discussion clearly suggests that there is the significant factor lies in the society as well by considering the government failure on imposing higher taxes on the tobacco products (Chaloupkaet al., 2001). The fact generated from different arguments can prove the concept. The economists agree that smokers tend to concentrate to the current reward from smoking than attentive to their future health. In this process, they value the present consumption more than the future outcomes. This can be a potential threat to the overall society as it will reduce the future health expenses of the smokers. Conclusion The use of taxing policy to reduce smoking from the society is often considered as paternalistic in the environment. The risk associated with smoking is concerned by all and it will be effective if the rate of smoking declines by the influence of nontax involvements and maximized wealth (Korsmeyer and Kranzler, 2009). Therefore, the global health priorities, behavioural economics should be considered for analysing tobacco prices, taxes and demand behaviour. This certainly can facilitate the process of imposing higher tobacco excises in an attempt to reduce the consumption. References Adda, J. and Cornaglia, F. (2011).Taxes, cigarette consumption, and smoking intensity. Florence: European University Institute. Cawley, J., Markowitz, S. and Tauras, J. (2003).Lighting up and slimming down. Cambridge, Mass.: National Bureau of Economic Research. Chaloupka, F., Farrelly, M. and Pechacek, T. (2001).The Impact of Tobacco Control Program Expenditures on Aggregate Cigarette Sales. Cambridge, Mass.: National Bureau of Economic Research. Korsmeyer, P. and Kranzler, H. (2009).Encyclopedia of drugs, alcohol addictive behavior. Detroit, Mich.: Macmillan Reference USA. Licht, A. (2011).Socio-economic variation in use of price minimizing behaviors and subsequent effects on cessation indicators. Moodie, A., Daube, M. and Carnell, K. (2009).Australia - the healthiest country by 2020. Canberra: Australian Government, Preventative Health Taskforce. Warner, K. (2006).Tobacco control policy. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Reducing The Military Essays (385 words) - Defense, Military

Reducing The Military With the end of the Cold War Americas armed forces are too large and expensive to maintain while in an era of peace. The roles of the military has changed, and the United States has come to the conclusion that military might no longer means having the larger force. Politicians have initiated the closure of bases, the reduced production by defense contractors, the decrease in military and civilian personnel. The actions taken to reduce the military has left dwindling numbers, and this must be changed to ensure that the U.S. military continues to be a mighty super power. The idea of a smaller military was not even considered during the Cold War, but today the treat to America is at a all-time low. This has sparked politicians to restructure the forces and reduce the spending needed to maintain those forces. These reductions are based on the budget spending what is not cost effective to the U.S. and the public. The cost cutting needs to be done, without too large of an effect on the employed personnel, whether military or civilian (ORourke, 2). Though the reductions in the forces still needs to be made, careful monitoring of the amounts of The reductions in personnel have gone past the recommended limit set Congress, and have created a greater need for personnel. If a conflict were to happen to day, the U.S. could only send four heavy divisions, compared to the seven sent during the Gulf War. This greatly decreases Americas ability to thwart an attack from several different countries at one time. This idea of sustaining several conflicts at one time has been a major Because the U.S. is the last great superpower, it is a very large target, and when involvement is needed to aid others the forces are diminished the ability to be an effective deterrent. Analysts have seen an increased demand for the continued policing actions that the U.S. plays a major part in. Congress has also cut spending on defense technology, which has caused defense contractors to make cutbacks in employees. 1.3 million jobs have been cut since the employment peak of 1987. This has caused increased inflation, and has hurt the economy of United States. Reconstruction of the spending on the technology needs to equally dispersed through the market to even out jobs for all defense companies. Politics Essays